(11) Marketing and selling expenses
Accounting and measurement policies
Marketing and selling expenses
Marketing and selling expenses within logistics costs also include expenses for transportation services performed on behalf of customers. The corresponding income from these services is reported under net sales.
Amortization of the intangible assets under marketing and selling expenses is mainly attributable to customer relationships, licenses and similar rights, brands, and trademarks.
Marketing and selling expenses comprised the following items:
€ million |
|
2023 |
|
2022 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sales force |
|
-950 |
|
-971 |
||||
Internal sales services |
|
-923 |
|
-972 |
||||
Sales promotion |
|
-515 |
|
-476 |
||||
Logistics |
|
-1,061 |
|
-1,193 |
||||
Amortization of intangible assets1 |
|
-596 |
|
-616 |
||||
Royalty and license expenses |
|
-126 |
|
-137 |
||||
Other marketing and selling expenses |
|
-339 |
|
-348 |
||||
Marketing and selling expenses |
|
-4,510 |
|
-4,714 |
||||
|
||||||||
The reduction in logistics costs was due to lower freight rates in international goods transportation and the lower sales volume in the Life Science and Electronics business sectors. Savings also resulted in lower expenses for the internal and external sales force.
Of the royalty and license expenses, € 51 million (2022: € 53 million) related to the commercialization of Erbitux®.